Personalized Visualization: Making Data Meaningful to a Person in the Context of Daily Life
The study of health behaviors and psychological processes benefits from a research design that captures individuals’ lives in vivo. Social scientists are increasingly using online studies to measure health and well-being within the context of individuals’ daily lives. Participants are queried daily, or multiple times within the day, about aspects of their day such as emotion, who they’re with, and what they’re currently doing. The result is a wealth of data, that if properly visualized, could be applied to engage participants in the research, encourage specific behaviors, and also serve as a tool for researchers. In this project we designed a personalized visualization dashboard that displays contextually relevant information to the researcher or participant. The algorithm, which creates the dashboard, integrates information about the user and their context in an effort to optimally choose what data to display and in what representation. To inform our algorithm, we analyzed data from the Personal Understanding of Life and Social Experiences (PULSE) project, a 100-day study of older adults’ self-regulatory processes that was conducted entirely via the Internet and included daily visualizations of the participants’ responses. Analysis of the participants’ usage data during the PULSE project was used to understand characteristics of the individual and day that predicted higher visualization usage. A focus group with social scientists who are pioneering online data collection informed customization of visualization from the researchers’ perspective. This project presents the analysis of our data, and a data-driven dashboard prototype that demonstrates participant perspective.
Diane Cook
Faculty: Project PI
The idea of personalizing visualization is very appealing! How does your algorithm make an automated assessment of the individual’s level of busyness/free time for a given day?
Nels Oscar
For the current version of the algorithm, we’re actually using the amount of time that the participant spent filling out their daily questionnaire. When we were analyzing the PULSE data set we noticed a correlation between the time spent on the questionnaire and the time spent perusing the visualization. There are some problems with this metric such as people leaving their browser open, but it makes a decent approximation.
Julia Hirschberg
Faculty: Project PI
what particular aspects of your visualization do you think will be useful, for whom, and how?
Nels Oscar
Something I would like to point out is that the contribution here is not strictly a visualization, but a construction framework that supports visualization creation. We envision this being useful to any individual interested in monitoring their own data. We’ve drawn from the recent surge in interest in the quantified self movement as motivation. Our approach is intended to target information at individuals who are not interested in interacting with a visualization toolkit to gain insight, but instead to have that information displayed directly from the point at which the frame is first rendered. This will improve awareness for personal health applications in particular, but the metrics we’ve used for categorization are not the only possibilities and this could improve the utility of visualizations in a more broad sense.
Mostafa Bassiouni
Faculty: Project Co-PI
I wonder if you have considered an approach that allows the person to select and control the level of detail for their visualization and data exploration. After the person becomes familiar with the dashboard, he/she is allowed to select a specific level from Fig. 1. The dashboard will always provide the recommended setting but the person is allowed to override this recommended (default) setting. Please comment on the pros/cons of such an approach.
Nels Oscar
One of the things that we didn’t do as good a job as I would have liked is demonstrate the possibilities for interaction that a system like this provides. As I’ve gotten into a little in a previous response, the idea is to give the user as good of a starting point as we can come up with. Giving the user the freedom to select their own level of detail would be a perfectly reasonable thing for the system to allow. It could also help to inform the system’s appraisal of the user, leading over time to more intelligent (better personalized) categorizations. I’m unsure at the moment of what the possible cons of allowing this would be. In the original PULSE study participants were given the option to ‘show more’ details in the data visualization. The most common choice was not to exercise the feature, so in giving more options and more interactivity the greatest detrimental aspect should be that it goes unused.
Mary Kathryn Cowles
Faculty: Project PI
The stereotype of older people is that they are set in their ways and don’t like change. Do you anticipate that some users would be confused or upset if the same data wasn’t displayed in the same place in the same way every time they accessed visualizations of their information?
Nels Oscar
We haven’t yet addressed the issues presented by individuals who are particularly sensitive to change. A flippant answer would be that the system could easily be turned off if they prefer a static representation. I’ll have to think a little more about the ramifications that our system could have for that user story.